Essay about The Law on Demonstrations of Rights - 613 Words

Occupied the law on demonstrations attention of many individuals in the current period . Where abounded preparation demonstrations and became demonstrations factional does not represent all sides , but represent a few , which led to the government taking a decision to pass a law to pretend to reduce these demonstrations , which have become the only solution and the shelter first to turn to any even individual gain their rights without regard to the rights of other individuals. And pressure on the government to accept his demands and only spread chaos . And that it led to a split society into two parties . First party in accordance with the law on demonstrations to reduce riots and chaos and make the wheel production going and push the†¦show more content†¦Ones that demonstrators do not have a commander led , but the leaders are manifold, and other leaders do not know the source , so each one is acting in his opinion and thought. Which leads to frequent disputes and everyone wants to be alone with his opinion . Which leads to frequent political disputes and lack of access to resolve these problems by pretending that they created. The large number of demonstrations led to Economic problems . There is many economic problems had been appeared in Egypt due to demonstrations When the revolution in any country should expect economic decline for a period of more than one reason. The revolution, any revolution, must affect the degree of contentment investor (foreign and national alike) of what could come by the future, The rate of growth of output in the recession and increasing unemployment When security is deteriorating due to the circumstances of the revolution, declining tourism revenues, and increase transportation costs and risk insurance, are credited new reasons for the deterioration of the growth rate and the increase in unemployment. The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics,: the unemployment rate in Egypt has risen to record 13.4% of the total labor These is due to there is about 5ooo factory had been closed and theseShow MoreRelatedThe United Kingdom Public Law Essay922 Words   |  4 P agesThe United Kingdom Public Law United Kingdom Public Law Public law is the section of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government and other relationships between individuals, which directly concern the society. It comprises of constitutional law, tax law, criminal law and administrative law. In public law, compulsory rules prevail. Freedom of speech is the notion of publicly voicing one’s view without the fear of being punished or censored. In the UK, the freedomRead MoreNonviolent Protests: An argumentative essay1411 Words   |  6 Pages1773, the Civil Rights Movement and the Pro-Life Movement of the 1960s, to the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street Movement of current times, â€Å"those struggling against unjust laws have engaged in acts of deliberate, open disobedience to government power to uphold higher principles regarding human rights and social justice† (DeForrest, 1998, p. 653) through nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associat ed with the Civil Rights movement. The movementRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesMorehouse College where he took law instead of theology which he later realized were intertwined. He used his law understanding while preaching. He always wanted to see the black people liberated and therefore joined the SCLC. 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The statement is, â€Å"Lead by example, do what is right, be the best you can be, and treat others the way you would like to be treated.† I believe this statement is related to the law of legacy because it is actionRead MoreThe Treatment Of The Jews During The Holocaust1501 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Merriam-Webster dictionary, legal is defined as â€Å"conforming to or permitted by law or established rule† (merriam webster). It then defines moral as, â€Å"expressing or teaching a conception or right behavior† (merriam webster). Dr. King gives a touching look at the difference between legality and morality with the example of events that took place with Germany under the leadership of Hitler. He explains that in Nazi Germany, it was â€Å"legal† to abuse and humiliate Jews. He then statesRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail955 Words   |  4 Pagessegregation in Birmingham, Alabama. 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The Epidemic Of Infectious Diseases - 987 Words

This chain of infection develops when each link connects to the other. That means it must links up together in order to be infectious diseases. However, the breaking away of any of the link will mean that, transmission of infection is stopped. On the other hand, breaking of any chain can stop the transmission of infection. The concept (infectious diseases) have been one of the major killers of both living and nonliving things and this term was recently replaced with chronic diseases as well as injuries as primary killers in the United States of America (Scutchfield, 2003). However, the main advances of infectious disease control to date have been the use of food and water protection as well as immunizations. This will be viewed as how it’s transmitted from one person to the other. Recent research shows that, there are three major means by which infections can be transmitted and they include direct transmission, indirect transmission and airborne transmission (Hinman, Wasserheit and Kamb,1995). Direct transmission occurs when the physical contact between an infected person and susceptible person (division of public health, 2011). A typical example is a person with infectious disease like STDs/HIV passes the diseases to the healthy person through sexual contact, blood contact or body fluids. Examples of direct contact include, touching, sexual intercourse, kissing, contact with oral secretions or even body lesions. However, measles and chicken pox are said to be conditionsShow MoreRelatedInfectious Diseases And The Epidemic Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesInfectious diseases according to the Mariam Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms (as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, or viruses) which grow and multiply thereâ € . 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History of 21st February Free Essays

string(31) " is not difficult to describe\." There arc 6,000 to 7,000 spoken languages in the world and half of them arc in danger of extinction. The Interna tional Mother Language Day that is celebrated annually on Feb. 21, after it was declared by UNESCO in November 1999, reminds us of the necessity, mier alia, of protecting these languages from extinction by promoting meir importance. We will write a custom essay sample on History of 21st February or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important to keep these languages in practice; languages are simply not a random compilation of words but a means of communication, interaction and understanding among different peoples. The language, thus, is one of the mediums that form the socio-oil rural identity of a nation. A Language is more than just a way of sharing our views with the world; it has its own history as welt. The language of a nation can sometimes contribute to the contents of its history Great works of literature as well as the legacy of a nation might bc lost if the language is lost. A language helps create unity among a group  ° people; a persons mother tongue is an important aspect of her/his culture and the identity of who he/she is. Feb. 1,1952 marks an important event in the history leading toward the emergence of Bangladesh, which declared independence on March 26,1971. The Bangla Language Movement, reaching its pinnacle on this very day in 1952, was a political mass uprising in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan), which demanded mat Bangla – the mother tongue spoken by the majority of the population – should bc recognized as the second official language besides the the n existing state Language that was spoken by only a minority of the population. This would allow the Bangla language to bc taught in schools and used in government affairs. After the partition of India rn 1947 into Pakistan and India, Bangla-speaking people in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) made up 44 million of the newly formed Pakistans 69 million people. However, in 1947 at a national education summit a minority language was declared by the then state machinery as the sole state language to bc used in all spheres of life, including media and schools. This Jed to a situation where almost 70 percent of the population that formed the majority and spoke Bangi* were practically required to discard their mother tongue Bangla, which they had used for thousands of wirs. nd learn afresh a completely alien minority language. Students of Dhaka University and other colleges of the city in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) organized a general strike on March 11,1948 to protest the exclusion of the Bangla language from official use, including on coins, stamps and in official competitive tests / examinations. Later taking the shape of a popular movement, the protest restated the demand that Bangla be declared an official language of the state. On feb. 1,1952 students of the Dhaka University along with member-, ol the public defied the unconstitutional ban on peaceful protests and organized a protest that resulted in police opening fire and killing a number of students, including Abdus Salam, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Abul Barkat and Abdul Jabbar. Resultantly, a massive popular upheaval spread across Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) as large processions ignored the unconstitutional ban on peaceful protests and condemned the actions of the police. At one stage more than 30,000 people assembled at Curzon Hall of Dhaka University in Dhaka. During the continued protests, police actions led to the death of more people. This prompted Bangla speaking government officials and civil servants from different organizations to boycott government offices and join the procession. The â€Å"All-Party Central Language Action Committee†, supported by the majority of the population, decided to commemorate Feb. 21 as Shahid Dibosh (Martyrs Day). On the first anniversary of the protests, people across Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) wore black badges in solidarity with the dead and victims of violence Most offices, bank ond educational institutions in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) were closed to observe the occasion. Student groups made agreements with educational institutions ond police officials to preserve law and order. However, the state machinery provoked tensions by declaring that those who wanted Bangla to become on official language would be considered an â€Å"enemy of the state. Despite the restrictions to mark the anniversary of the protests, the Bangali population took to the streets. Demonstrations broke out on the night of Feb 21,1954 with various halls of Dhaka University raising black flags in mourning. Several students and protesters were arrested indiscriminately to foil the commemoration. On May 7,1954. the constituent assembly was forced to resolve to grant official status to the Bangla language. Bangla was recognized j the second official language of the state on Feb. 29. 1956. Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the Bangai! eople were discriminated against in every sphere of Life. The Bangali community, despite being the overwhelming majority, continued to bc under-represented in the civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government assistance. The demands of these people were overlooked. One demand was that the province of East Pakistan be called Bangladesh (Land of Bangalis), which later contributed into the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh on March 26, 1971 ond culminated in a prolonged bloody â€Å"Liberation War† that saw the emergence of an Independent Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. The struggle to freely use the mother tongue of a majority population of a coun tn once resulted in bloodshed for the people of Bangladesh and contributed significantly to the movement and war of her Independence. However, today it ts a different fight for many people; it is a fight to keep their mother tongue in use so that an important part of their cultures is not lost The writer is a Year 1 student at Taylor College. (The article was written in commemoration of the Language Movement of Bangladesh /International Mother Language Day. ) The Language Movement  : Its Political and Cultural Significance Scrajul Islam Choudhury What had happened on the 21st of February in 1952 is not difficult to describe. You read "History of 21st February" in category "Papers" Some lives were lost when police opened fire on agitating students. What the students were agitating for is also well-known. They wanted Bengali to be recognized as one of the two state languages of what was then an undivided Pakistan. But a description like this would be patently superfluous, for it would not describe what had really happened, let alone reflect the feelings that the movement had embodied and roused. The movement of 21st February was not sentimental, but it represented very deep-rooted sentiments. To begin with, the movement did not lose its significance even after an official recognition of Bengali as one of the two state languages. It went ahead, gained in depth and momentum as it went, y and, ultimately, made the emergence of an independent Bangladesh inevitable. But even after we had achieved a state where Bengali is the only and not one of the two state languages the movement has not ceased to be vital. Why? The answer is easy. Bengali has not yet been accorded the place of honour and importance that it deserves. The rate of literacy has not risen above the poor 22 per cent. Of ~th~o e who know the alphabet many do not read books. Some ddb get books, others do not need them. The vast majority of the population has been denied for ages the right to use Bengali. The illiterate person, oftener a women than a man, does not know any other language, but he does not know Bengali either in the literate sense. Those who are well-to-do do not need Bengali. Social and commercial intercourse tends to be more effective when done in English in unspoken opposition to Bengali. The cultural milieu of the sophisticated tends very often to be shorn of the use of Bengali almost to the extent it is sophisticated. International communication is, of course, done in English. Bengali, thus, is not properly used either by the very rich or the very poor, the former shies away voluntarily, the latter has no choice. The middle class uses it, but not in as extensive a manner as could have been expected. We do not print books in large number. Nor are the titles wide   ranging. for books are expensive to print and difficult to sell. The problem is rooted in the very socio-political and economic reality of Bangladesh. And it is this reality that invests the language movement of the 21st of February with an enormous significance and meaning. How does one account for the rise of this movement ? Was it due to the wrong decision of any particular person or group? Most obviously not. The movement was as spontaneous as it was inevitable. Despite its later ramifications and complexities the movement was a simple expression of the irreconcilable, indeed ever-increasing, contradiction between the rulers and the ruled. The ruling classes wanted to impose Urdu on the Bengale s with a view to keeping them subjugated for generations to come ~I’he issue was far from linguistic, it was grossly political and economic. The imposition of Urdu was a part, albeit not an easily recognisable part, of the ruthless exploitation of the Begalccs by West Pakistani monopoly capital and civil-military bureaucracy. The language movement brought to the fore what had hitherto, lain undetected inside the deliberately roused sentiments of Pakistani nationalism. The oppressed people of East Bengal had joined the Pakistan movement in the hope of achieving a better standard of living consequent upon the establishment of an independent state. That the hope was unreal was cruelly exposed by the fondly proclaimed arbitrary decision of the rulers to make Urdu the only state language of Pakistan. There was no escaping this fact. Language was, undoubtedly,. the declared issue. But the movement was not for reforming the language, not even for winning recognition for Bengali as one of the state languages, although that was the manifest objective. It was aimed, really, at the emancipation of an oppressed people. The rulers were obliged to recognise the destructive potentiality of the movement. For what was constructivee for the oppressed Bengalees was destructive for the oppressors- – such was the polarity of the situation. Facing the uncompromising reality, the Pakistani rulers had offered terms of a compromise. They did accommodate Bengali as a state language when the question of framing a constitution came to a head, 21st February was declared a public holiday- eventually. A board was set up for the development of Bengali language, But the movement was not to be hoodwinked by such tactics of accommodation. Compromise was impossible. The movement grew and grew, gained in depth and momentum, leading to the establishment of Bangladesh. M uch has been gained and yet much remains to be achieved. As indicated above, universal use of Bengali in Bangladesh remains a distant hope. It does not require much of an analysis to demonstrate that the objective of the language movement can be achieved only in a society which is free from exploition and is, therefore not poor. Poverty is the effect of exploitation, not its cause. Therefore, the movement of the 21st of February must be called a protest against the exploitation of man by man. It raised a determined voice against injustice. For what could be more unjust than the inflicting of a foreign tongue on a population of seventy million, constituting as it did the majority of the population of Pakistan as a whole. Our love for the Bengali language is traditional, it is based on very deep sentiments. But it is impossible to deny that it was not this love alone that had led us to join the language movement in swelling numbers. There was hatred as well. Hatred against injustice, against exploitation. The movement was essentially anti-colonial and anti feudal in character. It was aimed at overthrowing the none-too-hidden system of colonial exploitation sought to be perpetrated by the ruling classes. It was clearly anti-feudal in content inasmuch as it tried to win for the people their inalienable right to use their own language in state affairs. Love and hatred, they say, go together: and indeed they did in this very case, for the depth of hatred was only the obverse of the depth of love and vice versa. The language movement went like magnet over the iron of the suppressed feelings of the people. It provided the people with an outlet to their pent-up emotions against political injustice and social exploitation. It forged  a unity which was b_ oth creative and enduring. A section of the police in Dhaka had gone on strike even before 1952. They. had been fired upon. But that firing did not rouse the indignation that the firing of the. 21st of February did. The reason was that the latter firing was not aimed at any particular section of the peope, it was not designed to silence the professional demands of any specific group, its target was the entire Bengali-speaking people of Pakistan, irrespective of political belief or ideological commitment. For it hurt even those who had collaborated with the government. As long as exploitation of the many by the few remains, 21st February is unlikely to lose its significance. How did the movement begin? It began as a students’ movement. – Its centre was the university of Dhaka which was the only university in East Bengal at the time. The potentiality of the movement was unknown to the rulers, it was not known even to many of those who were at its forefront. Perhaps it-would die a natural death- the rulers, it is easy to imagine, had fondly hoped. But all estimates and expectations were belied. Once firing had started the movement spread-wider than a fire, faster than the bullets. It refused to be confined to the university campus; percolating through the railway, steamer and bus stations it reached almost every comer of the province. The public joined in it. The working class struck work, it became a movement against an insult hurled at the existence of a people. The Pakistani pretence became much too big for the mask. A new feeling of nationalism began to grow very rapidly indeed. And ultimately it was this new linguistic and, therefore, essentially secular, democratic and creative nationalism which prevailed over the makeshift nationalism of Pakistan. Pakistanism pretended to be spiritual which spiritualism was, so far as East Bengal was concerned, a cover for material exploitation of the classically crude type. The new awareness made people conscious about their material existence, tearing the veils of false hopes and comforts. Its creativeness was immeasurable. For it had touched and released the youth of the nation. The youth of the country had begun this movement. But it was not a youth movement. It was the youthfulness of a people that it had stirred. The movement’s creative power displayed itself in many, almost all aspects of life. New organisations – social. s- well as political – came into being. A new leadership–uncompromising and courageous-grew up to replace the established one. Politics topkk on a new character, it no longer remained a pastime of the privifegetl few.. In its changed character, politics became a threat to the existing s oc i a l system. Poets wrote busily; composers composed energetically. Flays, novels and short stories have been written on the theme. And it would be impossible to count the souvenirs_ that have been published to celebrate the spirit of the day. But the most precious creation Or the movement did not lie in any of these in isolation. It lay in something that united these diverse areas and manifestations and inspired them from behind. his was nothing more, or less, than a new consciousness. This consciousness is characterised, among other things, Ity an irreconcilable patriotism. True patroitism does not isolate; it unlles, it brings the individual to the community, and identifies collective; well being as the unfailing source of individual welfare. And it i. y this patriotism that the language movement carries with itself, and nourishes as it goes. N c language movement was essentially creative. It not only produced new works of literature, music, painting and drama but also, and more importantly, gave these creations a new content, which was unmistakably secular and democratic in character. The movement was anti-imperialist and anti-feudal; and it was therefore only natural that the cultural works it produced should have a militancy and a sew;e of direction they had not known before. Bengal, let us recall, was divided in 1947 on the basis of the so-called two-nation theory. Communalism was endemic in the very foundation of that partition. The democratic upsurge of February, 1962 stood firmly, atatiinst communalism. Communalism did not die, such monsters die hard, but it became weaker than it was in 1947. What was more significant was that a new path of development was laid open. People came tog`ther; forgetting their communal identity. They fought for a common cause. Then there was the important question of tradition. Pakistani nationalism had expected to survive and gain in strength by Whippin g up emotions around a false sense of tradition which sought to make the Bengalees of East Pakistan feel as if they belonged to the Middle East and not to the land where they, as well as their ancestors, were born and had their being. Ws, in fact, amounted to a ruthless attempt to disinherit them of their tradition. Not only in literature, but in all aspects of life and creativity what was natural and real was sought to be replaced by the unnatural and the unreal. The language movement came as an open challenge to this. Instead of encouraging deracination, it gave-the thinking section of the public a new sense of belonging. The homecoming had begun. It had no parallel in our past history. For the issue of tradition had never before been as clearly defined as it was during that fateful month of February, 1952. Bengalecs of East Pakistan began to take a new pride in their language which, they realized, constituted the very basis of their cultural identity. The creative artists working in all genres looked at life with a realism which gave their creations a nearness to life. They acquired a new awareness of the economic and political reality of the country. As a result, what they produced was significantly different – both in content and form-from what their predecessors had offered. The arts came closer to politics. The fact of economic exploitation of the poor by the rich also found its way into the creative imagination of the artists. For it had become clear that the Bengalecs were an exploited nation, and that their survival ultimately depended on their economic emancipation. A new taste was created, and a new standard of cultural judgement was set up. The movement had not only released the suppressed creative energies of a nation, it had also produced a hunger for more realistic works of art. The language movement represented for the Bengali speaking Pakistanis an entrance into a new area of creativity. The movement of 21st February has done for us another important work. It has drawn, clearly and unmistakably, a line of demarcation between the forces of light and darkness, of progress and reaction. To speak of light first. The light that matters most is the light of economic emancipation of the masses. Needless to say that the light of knowledge remains invaluable. Yet since hunger is the greatest extinguisher of ‘all other lights, no progress in the collective sense can be made without meeting the basic economic needs. And it is this light-the light of economic freedom-that the language movement had promised to the people of Bangladesh. The movement did something more. It distinguished the forces capable of giving life   giving light from those which persist in keeping the people submerged in the darkness of poverty and deprivation. The movement was successful in marking out progress from reaction. Progress, it showed, did not mean more material growth; it also meant, and not less importantly, the proper distribution of wealth. Proper distribution is equitable distribution. It does not need much imagination to see that what ails our economic life is inequality. Inequality has maimed the productive power of labour which is our greatest national asset. It has not allowed national creative powers to grow properly. That we are poor is due primarily to this inequality. The language movement identified progress as removal of the factors responsible for the existence of the social gulf. It also showed that progress and reaction cannot achieve a relationship of peaceful co   existence, that the antagonism between the two is irreconcilable and would not cease to be operative unless one of the two is completely liquidated. Perhaps it is unnecessary to say on which side the movement of 21st February stood, for its commitment to light against darkness and progress against reaction is total. All these make 21st February significant to us. The nation was not the same after that day, for it had gained a new sensibility, baptised in fire. True, the old order did not change immediately, it normally does not. But it was threatened to its very foundation. And the hope that a new world was not very far continued to grow. How to cite History of 21st February, Papers

Pride and Prejudice is one of Jane Austens most renowned and established novels Essay Example For Students

Pride and Prejudice is one of Jane Austens most renowned and established novels Essay Pride and Prejudice is one of Jane Austens most renowned and established novels. It was first published in 1813, four years before her death. The main focus of the novel is essentially about relationships; particularly those associated to love and marriage. This focus applies to many of her novels but, this does not make Austen a purely romantic novelist. The main reason why her pre-occupations towards love and marriage arise is chiefly because of the era in which the novels were written. At the time there was a very rigid society in which it was important for young women to be married as well as possible, preferably to someone of larger wealth and stature. Jane Austen wished to expose the folly of this period by the use of satire and irony, whilst adding light-hearted comedy through the use of characterisation. This is particularly seen in Pride and Prejudice where irony and satire are constant factors of the novel and comedy is introduced into the plot through Mrs Bennet. Mrs Bennet serves as the main comic character of the novel. She is a very insistent and frivolous woman, whose childish antics and charades constantly embarrass her and her family. She has very little social awareness and is often oblivious to body language and speech implying disapproval, depicting her immediately as insensitive and lacking awareness in general. Her chief pre-occupations are to see her five daughters marry well. This preoccupation fuels her day to day life and business and ensures she is always pro-active on its behalf, always keeping one eye open for marital opportunities. This clear even form the opening page of the novel when she learns that Netherfield Park, a near-bye residence, has been acquired by a wealthy young gentleman, named Bingley. She immediately seeks to make his acquaintance and is very persistent towards Mr Bennet to do so à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. She has not even met Bingley and yet she immediately assumes that he will want to marry one of her daughters. This is one of many flaws in her character- she shows no insight and doesnt even consider finding out what Bingleys personality is like, who he is and why he has actually come to Hertfordshire. Her immediate assumption is that Bingley has come to Hertfordshire solely to find a wife, of course there is no clear evidence suggesting this. It is Mrs Bennets way of thinking, which causes her to almost trick herself in to believing that that is the outstanding reason for his arrival. This again illuminates her lack of understanding and common sense. Her pre-occupations broadcast how narrow-minded society was in that time and this is a deliberate device employed by Austen to show us the rigidity of the era. Mrs Bennet shows us that to marry her daughters off is her number one duty amongst the many important factors and duties there are in motherhood. Society at the time was formed in a number of social tiers. Much of society was involved in heightening their social status by gaining acceptance into the class above them, and essentially this was their ultimate goal in life. Austen characterises Mrs Bennet so that she is able to use her attitudes and behaviour to convey her own views about the era and to enlighten the reader on the narrow mindedness of society of that time. The characterisation she uses means that Mrs Bennet is at the fore-front of heavy satire, and we are aware of this very early on in the novel. Mrs Bennets relationship with Mr Bennet is noticeably flawed. It is clear, as soon as the opening chapter, that she is the inferior party of the two, most notably in intellect and wit. These inferiorities are seen on the opening page of the novel when Mrs Bennet is the victim of heavy mockery from Mr Bennet. When the subject of whom has acquired Netherfield Park Mrs Bennet asks Do you not want to know who has taken it? Mr Bennet replies You want to tell me, and I have no objection of hearing it. There is a clear air of sarcasm in his reply; this showing that he uses the ridicule of Mrs Bennet for his own amusement. Throughout the novel Mrs Bennet is on the receiving end of various comment from her husband and others that are saturated with sarcasm, satire and irony. These comments particularly refer to her poor judgement and flawed character, Mr Bennets satirisation have clear links with Austens own views and particularly her flair and style are expressed through the use of Mr Bennets general character and speech. In some ways Mrs Bennet brings this on herself, as her persistent follies are use as a motive for Mr Bennets ridicule towards her, Mr Bennets amusement and social dismay. Austen uses Mr Bennet to expose Mrs Bennets defected character, but his irony and sarcasm are a deliberate device to add humour to the novel. Airframe by Michael Crichton EssayWhat Austen is trying to show us by keeping Mrs Bennets character static is that is impossible to change her ways. She has gone through life without change and still at her age she has not developed maturity. Therefore she is beyond salvation. By developing the characters of Darcy and Elizabeth, Austen shows the novel has progressed to another stage, whilst Mrs Bennet remain at one solitary stage throughout the whole novel. Even when the Bennet family is disgraced by Wickams elopement with Lydia, Mrs Bennet is still head over heels with hysteria at their wedding, failing to realise the negative effect the affair has had on her family. Overall I believe the main purpose of the character of Mrs Bennet is to add some humour into the novel. With Mr Bennet we laugh with him, but with Mrs Bennet we simply laugh at her. She is a clear caricature of the matchmaking mother. She reinforces the theme of the novel- a social comedy saturated with irony and satire largely aimed at her but also at others. This is true to say about Lady Catherine De Bourgh. In some respects she is one degree worse than Mrs Bennet. While having the same matchmaking tendencies, she is both proud and overbearing, and her daughter reflects the poor parental guidance she gives. We see little contact between Lady Catherine and her daughter Anne, but the mother obviously dominates and at the same time overprotects her so that she does not develop as she should she would have performed delightfullyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ if her health had allowed. It is probable that Mrs Bennet and Lady Catherine could be good friends if not for the their difference in wealth and social status. Parents and their roles are obviously shown throughout the novel. The idea of children maturing out of childhood is also an issue put forward in the novel. Children mark their maturity by accepting their parents, but also gaining their independence from them. Surely so many of Jane Austens parental figures are failures in order tat her heroines may more easily mature by themselves. A good example of this is Elizabeth gaining intelligence and maturity with distant parental influence. The most suitable parents in the whole novel are the Gardiners, they are also the most responsible and sensible. They are highly thought of by Darcy and take control in many of the crisiss towards the end of the story, notably Lydias elopement with Wickam. They provide sensible advice, love and help to Elizabeth when she really should have received this support from her real parents. In many ways Mrs Bennet is similar to Mr Collins. Collins also adds humour to the novel and shares many of the flaws as Mrs Bennet does. Austens humour is highly effective as it pokes fun at people by comparing the way they are with the way they should be. The satire makes us smile rather than laugh at peoples faults, and we may also smile ruefully as we notice our own faults in theirs. Mr Collins is a clergyman, a profession supposed to be charitable, Christian and humble. Mr Collins is in fact, the complete opposite of this. This is seen in many ways, for example he dominates the conversation at Longbourn, grovels to Lady Catherine and makes sarcastic comments to Darcy at the Netherfield ball. In particular his faults are seen when he proposes to Elizabeth. His pompous language, overlong words and too-formal courtesy bring Elizabeth so near laughing that she cannot speak. He also does not seem to realise how he may be offending the Bennets. Mr. Collins thinks highly of himself. His language is pedantically worded which shows us that he is trying to convey that he is an intellectual person. The character of Mr. Collins can be likened to the character of Mary, as, although they are both intelligent, they are very artificial in the way in which they present their intelligence to an audience. Mr. Collins uses long sentences in the letter, which portray the shallowness of his character. In chapter 20, when Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, his speech is stilted, pompous and governed by the overweening egotism. His prolix style leads him to break down his speech into numbered points. Overall, I think the character of Mrs Bennet is effective. Her sheer vulgarity and stupidity make us cringe with embarrassment. She is successful as a caricature. However, it is hard to believe that Jane and Elizabeth could have emerged so adequate from such an unruly environment, and that Lydia could be a product of the same environment that produced her two eldest sisters- the family is too dissimilar. Mrs Bennet is successful in her conveyance of comedy through Austens excellent style, which combines fantastic economy for words and believable dialogue.

Why We Fight

The 1942 film Why We Fight represents a classical example of American wartime propaganda. Given the fact that, during the course of thirties and forties, the majority of Americans shared an isolationist sentiment, it was crucially important for the America’s policy-makers at the time to convince citizens that country’s joining the WW2 was not optional.1Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, being a propaganda-piece, this particular film features a number of different of inconsistencies and even outright lies. In this paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier suggestion at length. The main ideological premise, upon which the line of film’s argumentation appears to be based, is being concerned with its creators exploring the apparent dichotomy between what they refer to as a ‘free world, on the one hand, and a ‘world of slavery’, on the other. According to film’s narrator; whereas, America advances the cause of liberty, the countries of a ‘good ole Europe’ (specifically Germany and Italy), with their ally Japan, advance the cause of an oppression – pure and simple. What is being particularly ironic about this claim, is the fact that film’s creators went about substantiating claim’s legitimacy by making references to world’s major religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), as such that in their view endorse the cause of liberty. According to the twisted logic of film’s argumentation, American citizens’ strong sense of religiosity makes them naturally predisposed towards professing the values of democracy. This, of course, could not possibly be the case, because the very notion ‘religion’ is being synonymous to the notion of ‘intolerance’.2 Nevertheless, even if filmmakers were right about the fact that, people’s strong affiliation with religious values causes them to profess the values of democracy, film’s pathos would still not make much of a sense.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason for this is simple – contrary to what it is being suggested in the film, the overwhelming majority of German Nazis, as well as ordinary German citizens who never ceased supporting Nazis right to the very end of the WW2, used to be just as devoted to Christianity as it was the case with America’s founding fathers, for example.3 Another proof, as to a conceptual fallaciousness of Why We Fight, is the fact that throughout film’s entirety, the narrator continues to refer to Hitler as someone who wanted to conquer the world. Such claim, of course, cannot be referred to as anything but extremely ignorant.4 After all, it is not only tha t Hitler never publically expressed his presumed intention to ‘conquer the world’, but throughout the initial phase of WW2, he actively sought to end the hostilities with Britain and France.5 Whatever improbable it may sound – the actual reason, behind the outbreak of WW2, was Poland’s stubborn unwillingness to allow Germany to build a railroad between Berlin and the German city of Danzig (Gdansk), which in 1918 was separated from the rest of Germany by a Treaty of Versailles.6 If creators of Why We Fight were concerned with trying to protect the world from being conquered, then it would not be Hitler, Mussolini and Hirohito featured in their film, but America’s ally Stalin. After all, unlike Hitler, Stalin never had any reservations against coming up with public statements as to the fact that world’s ‘capitalist’ were facing only two choices – to embrace the Communism or to be destroyed. Right up until the collapse of USS R in 1991, the Soviet coat of arms featured a Communist emblem of a hammer and sickle in the foreground of the whole planet. Moreover, Soviet Constitution openly stated that it was only the matter of time, before world’s independent nations would join USSR as ‘Soviet republics’.7 In the light of recently declassified Soviet secret documents, it appears that Stalin was preparing to attack Germany in July of 1941, with the ultimate purpose of this attack having been the ‘liberation’ of the whole Europe of a ‘capitalist oppression’.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If it was not up to Hitler’s preventive attack of Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, even as early as by the end of 1941, Europe would have become nothing but a Westernmost part of Soviet ‘workers paradise’.8 After that, it would be the t urn for America to suffer the same fate – not an utterly improbable suggestion, especially given the fact that many members of Roosevelt’s inner circle (including his wife Eleanor) were self-admitted Communist spies.9 Therefore, film narrator’s referrals to the scenes of marching German soldiers and to the scenes of German obsolete tanks Pzkpfw-1 and Pzkpfw-2 rolling into Poland, as such that confirm the validity of his claims about the sheer evilness and potency of German war-machine, appear hypocritical, at best. First of all, film tactfully avoids mentioning the fact that it were not only ‘evil’ Germans that invaded Poland in the autumn of 1939, but their good ‘friends’ from Red Liberation Army, as well. If Poland’s Western allies were so much concerned about protecting this country’s independence, then why did they not declare a war on Soviet Union? Second, contrary to what film implies, up until 1943, the functioning of a German economy was based upon the essentially peacetime principles. This, however, cannot not be said about the functioning of Soviet economy from 1933 to 1945, which had only one single objective – to manufacture of as many weapons as possible. This is exactly the reason why; whereas, by the beginning of 1941, Hitler only had 3235 tanks (2500 of which were hopelessly obsolete), Stalin had 2830 tanks (including 700 tanks T-34 and 530 tanks KV-1).10 Nevertheless, one does not have to be a scholar of WW2 to note the essentially hypocritical nature of Why We Fight, as the example of America’s wartime propaganda, because film’s hypocrisies are being well visible even to a naked eye.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example; whereas, narrator never ceases to state that America’s only objective in the WW2 is to promote democracy, equality and tolerance, on the one hand, he simultaneously continues to refer to Japanese people as ‘dirty Japs’, on the other. It is fully understandable that, after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the majority of Americans have realized Japanese as their enemies. Still, even though film’s narrator portrays Nazis as America’s sworn enemies, as well, he nevertheless does not talk of them as nothing short of sub-humans. Therefore, it will only be logical to conclude that, despite his pretentious ‘anti-Nazism’, the narrator himself is not being too different from Nazis, to begin with. I believe that the provided earlier line of argumentation, in defense of a suggestion that many claims, contained in Why We Fight, cannot be considered even slightly objective, is being fully consistent with paper’s ini tial thesis. In its turn, this implies that citizens should never cease thinking critically about what the governmentally endorsed propaganda wants them to believe, especially if this propaganda appears to be designed for weakening a self-preservation instinct in people, so that they would not be having any objections against the prospect of being turned into a ‘cannon meat’ overseas. References Boyle, Peter. â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American  Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 41-50. Carlton, David. â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 97-103. Cline, Catherine. â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A  Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 43-58. McNeal, Robert. â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles,† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 194-206. Nagata, Judith. â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology o f ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 481-498. Raack, R. C. â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 47-54. Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity,  1919-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Suvorov, Viktor. Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990. Taylor, A. J. P. The Origins of the Second World War. London: Penguin, 1964. The War Department. Why We Fight Part 1 – â€Å"Prelude to War† (1942). YouTube. [Video]. Web. Uldricks, Teddy. â€Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?†Ã‚  Ã‚  Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 626-643. Footnotes 1 Peter Boyle, â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 44. 2 Judith Nagata, â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Ant hropology of ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 482. 3Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich. Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 267. 4 A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, (London: Penguin, 1964), 15. 5 David Carlton, â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 101. 6 Catherine Cline, â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 54. 7 R. C. Raack, â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 49. 8 Viktor Suvorov, Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990): 10. 9 Robert H. McNeal, â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles.† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 203. 10 Teddy Uldricks, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?† Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 642. This critical writing on Why We Fight was written and submitted by user Dark Wasp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Linkedin Profile That Lets the You Shine Through

How to Write a Linkedin Profile That Lets the You Shine Through Are you job hunting or on the verge of doing so? If you answered yes and you havent spent considerable time and effort on your LinkedIn profile, youre missing out on a valuable opportunity to get the job of your dreams through this highly useful, career-oriented social media platform. In fact, a recent study found that 122 million people received an interview through LinkedIn, with 35.5 million having been hired by a person they connected with on the site.Added to that, the most current statistics show that 95 percent of recruiters use LinkedIn as a major sourcing tool to help them find qualified candidates for companies seeking top-tier talent.95% of recruiters use LinkedIn to find and vet potential candidates.If those numbers arent staggering enough, heres one that should definitely catch your interest. According to the latest numbers, there are 20 million jobs being actively advertised on LinkedIn.Convinced yet?Hopefully, by now youre convinced that its well worth your time and at tention to create a complete, eye-catching LinkedIn profile- especially if you are in the process of job hunting. LinkedIn does a great job in helping you along and measures the completeness of your profile, informing you of whats left to be added. It even offers suggestions for helping you make your profile stronger and more attractive to recruiters.Make it customIf you want to set yourself apart from the pack in a job search, set your LinkedIn profile apart, as well. One way to do this is to create a custom URL. Heres how to do that step by step:In the top right of your LinkedIn control panel, simply go to the me button and click view profile.Immediately beneath your control panel in the top-right corner, click Edit public profile and URL.You should now be taken to a page that shows your public profile settings.At the top right-hand corner, youll see Edit your custom URL.Beneath that, youll find your profiles URL, along with another pencil icon to the right.Click that pencil icon and change your profiles URL to something easy and memorable.Once you create a custom URL for your LinkedIn profile, you should now be able to include this on your resume or business card. It will be far easier for potential employers or recruiters to access than the random numbers and letters generated by LinkedIn when you first set up your profile.Use the right photoIf you havent had a professional headshot taken, now is the time to fix that. First impressions count, and your LinkedIn profile photo will be the first thing a potential employer or recruiter notices when they access your LinkedIn profile.Here are a few DOs and DONTs when it comes to your LinkedIn profile photo:DOSmile! Potential employers want to know that you are approachable and friendly, and a smile is the best way to show this. (And yes, that means showing teeth.)Have a muted, uncluttered background.Make sure lighting is professional and colors are not overly saturated.Dress for the job you want.DONTCrop your pho to from a group shot.Upload a photo of you participating in a hobby.Upload an obvious selfie.Use a photograph that is cluttered with objects or a full-body shot.Take the cheap route on your headshot; remember- first impressions are important!Wordcloud your target job descriptionThe headline, summary, and experience sections of your LinkedIn profile should contain targeted words that will attract recruiters and potential employers to your page. Heres an easy, creative way to determine which words you should target:Determine the job title you want in your job search.Locate at least three job offerings for that title, along with the job descriptions for each.Copy and paste the job descriptions into a Wordcloud simulator, such as Wordclouds.com.Produce the Wordcloud to pull out target words that appear often in the job category- these are words to include in prominent places on your LinkedIn headline, summary, and experience sections.Keep your summary succinct, quantifiable, and easy to readIdeally, your LinkedIn summary should contain the following:Three to five paragraphsA bulleted list of your key skills and qualificationsHighlights of your success stories, preferably communicated in quantifiable factors (numbers of clients, statistics, dollars, etc.).Your LinkedIn profile should highlight your successes in quantifiable numbers. Photo by Stephen Dawson on Unsplash.Lets look at the specific reasons for each of these.First, the reason to keep your summary within three to five paragraphs is the simple understanding that everyones time is valuable, especially recruiters and employers who are inundated with dozens (sometimes hundreds or thousands) of resumes to sift through daily. Your three-to-five-paragraph summary shows that you not only value their time- youre also able to prioritize whats most important in showcasing your talent and abilities.Second, showing your key skills and qualifications in a bulleted, easy-to-read format not only helps save time for your reader (see the first point); it also demonstrates that you understand the principles of written communications, among which is presentation. As any magazine or newspaper editor will tell you, bulleted lists and white space around words helps writing become more easily digestible to the reader and speeds along the process of reading comprehension.Third, using quantifiable evidence to showcase your success is the quickest and most convincing way to attract the admiration of your recruiter or potential employer. For example, quantifiable evidence (such as I increased department sales revenue by $1 million during my time at XYz Corporation) can be easily checked and assessed with a few simple questions; whereas, an unquantifiable statement (I am a successful at sales) leaves a lot of room for interpretation and potentially false representation.Use first person and get personalWhen creating your LinkedIn profile, write it in first person and do your best to walk the thin line between pr ofessional and personal.If that sounds like conflicting advice, let me explain. When you submit your resume to a company, that resume lists your professional accomplishments. It should be the epitome of your professional life and project complete professionalism.However, the interesting (and potentially powerful) thing about social media sites like LinkedIn is that they present your professional side with a small dose of whats personal. To put it simply- recruiters and potential employers want to get a glimpse inside your personal life before they hire you, as well, because they understand that your personal life will indeed affect your professional one.In the same sense that you want to keep your strictly personal social media profiles (such as Facebook) private to avoid invasive searches into your personal affairs, you also need to understand that your LinkedIn profile should contain a healthy dose of both your professional and personal lives to show that you are a well-rounded po tential employee.What this means is you should absolutely focus on your professional profile in your LinkedIn summary, highlighting all of the qualifications you can bring to an organization. But in the same sense, you should take the opportunity to demonstrate that you are an active, healthy, personable individual, who has hobbies and interests outside of work- someone who knows how to blend the two seamlessly and make the best of both.What better place to do this than through your LinkedIn profile?Include your hobbies and multimediaThis means that if you are a mountain climber and have a blog about your mountain climbing exploits, add that to your LinkedIn page. It will only make your professional profile stand out to potential employers because it shows that you have a healthy life outside of work, and that you pursue challenging goals on a personal level.If youve achieved awards or medals in sports or hobbies extending beyond your line of work, by all means, include these in you r profile. Each one shows that you exhibit qualities employers look for, such as competitiveness, strength, determination, community involvement, and resilience.If you know foreign languages or have participated in cultural experiences outside of your own, list these. If you have multimedia (video, blog posts, photos, etc.) demonstrating your participating, add it to your profile. Consider each addition to be a notch in your belt for employers who are looking for culturally aware, active, and inspired employees who know how to have a healthy work life/personal life balance.Showcase your writing skillsIn her bestselling novel Everybody Writes: Your Go-To Guide to Creating Ridiculously Good Content, author Ann Handley notes, In an online world, our online words are our emissaries; they tell the world who we are.LinkedIn offers an invaluable opportunity to publish- take advantage of it. Writing thoughtful, error-free posts with pertinent information geared toward your industry is the p erfect bait for recruiters looking for thought leaders and people who can shake up the industry with their truth and insight. It also demonstrates your ability to communicate with potential clients.Build your references monthlyAs a final thought, if you are using LinkedIn to find the job of your dreams, hopefully youve already asked for multiple references. If you havent, now is the time to start building them on your profile. If youve worked across multiple industries but are job hunting in only one, put references from that industry in the top prominent spot. Then, continue to add to your references monthly to collect as many as possible.

Businesses Approach To the Use of Primary and Secondary Research Essay

Businesses Approach To the Use of Primary and Secondary Research - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the data gathered is put into use by a third party. In essence, it remains abroad and a diffuse data in a contained toolbox, since it does contain any virtual information useful in any market research context. The information is also very important since a large number of the organizations utilize it as they strive to improve their operations in the market. It is an all-purpose market tool, and the corporate board is always at the dispensation of seeking its reference for the sake of comparison of the market trends. It also remains the most accessible form of market research, which is also cheap in relation to the cost. The internal secondary research will entail any information that is gathered anywhere in the environmental angles of the firm. It includes categories such as sales report, the customer databases, ay past report of the primary market research. A sales report will break and dispense information in categories of region, times and the sales ext ent. Sometimes they can also give analytical reports of the distribution channels, discounts extents, and target customers categories. Databases will contain the description of the customer’s data. The primary market research will contain survey or focus group’s result that is done in the previous years. External research entails any information that is gathered by the commercial vendors, government agencies, and other diverse sources. Of utmost importance is a syndicated report, which tends to compile the data with the use of libraries, data calls, and other databases. Concisely, they aim at selling the information to as many firms as possible. The information has passed through the analyst's hands hence it is reliable.

Comparison and Contrast of Definitions of Rape in Common Law and Research Paper

Comparison and Contrast of Definitions of Rape in Common Law and Modern Law - Research Paper Example Many states have different variations of the definition of rape which fits their Modern Statutory Law. The most general definition of the rape is as follows: any unlawful sexual penetration, which is also called a sexual assault. For instance, in California, rape is defined as â€Å"an act of sexual intercourse ... accomplished against persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another† (qt. in Lyon, 2004, p. 277). Introduction of the Model Penal Code in the Modern Law, as the result of general feminist movement in the 1970s, brought some changes to the definition of the rape, hence gave additional grounds for charges against the criminals. The two major reforms were: â€Å"(1) the partial abolition of the marital rape exemption; and (2) the increased emphasis on the nonconsent of the victim, rather than the use of force by the attacker, in defining rape† (Lyon, 2004, p. 278). The reforms brought both positive and negative attitudes of the public. The reform concerning marital rape was criticized for ambiguity and for victimization of men (Kilpatrick, 2000). Each of these reforms was meant to add something new to or change the definition of the rape in order to take into account all the circumstances of this type of criminal actions. However, there always has been some kind of confrontation in the lawmaking system. Only in recent years some amendments, for instance, the inclusion of the marital rape into the general definition of rape, brought improvements to the modern law, which â€Å"explicitly prohibits forced, nonconsensual intercourse at any time during the sexual act, rather than just at penetration† (Lyon 285).  

Discuss the evolution and problems of post colonial african Essay

Discuss the evolution and problems of post colonial african governments. What trends can we dicern What theories have been offered to explain these development - Essay Example Encouraged by the findings of European explorers Livingstone, Pinto, Burton, and Grant in the early 19th century, hordes of Europeans backed by their armies sailed south of Europe and began the work of colonization. It was to avoid the infighting and conflict that the Berlin Conference was organized. The colonization efforts were ruthless and resulted in the near-total destruction of African culture. Africa at the time was a land of more than a thousand tribal kingdoms, each with its specific culture and forms of government, and as is common with peoples the world over, likewise engaged in their own intergenerational and inter-tribal wars involving territory and natural resources. Ravaged by diseases and harsh living conditions, the populations of these African kingdoms were expanding slowly, limited only by their ability to tame nature. This was the continent which the Europeans invaded with "guns, germs, and steel" (Diamond 4) and set quickly to work in ravishing. Another strong influence of the colonists was their belief that Afric... Thus, aside from ambitious explorers, businessmen, and soldiers, the European nations sent Christian missionaries to teach Africans the European ways that the latter deemed more superior. How the combined efforts of material and spiritual colonization affected African culture explains much of what happened after their colonial masters left by the end of the 20th century. The decision that probably caused the most damage was the territorial boundaries established by the European powers in complete disregard for natural boundaries formed by the language, religion, or ethnicity of the Africans. Almost overnight, tribes were split, dividing families and societies. Until 1914, the Europeans divided Africa into fifty states, putting together warring tribes and dividing friendly tribes. This explains the incidents of ethnic violence that continue to explode in recent times in countries like Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, and Somalia. In each of these countries, different warring tribes were forcibly put together, continuing the tribal conflicts whenever people from each tribe assumed political power (Shillington 115; Pakenham 174). It is this tribal conflict that is also a prime cause of so much government corruption, because the tribal links are stronger than the artificial sense of nation that decades of colonization failed to achieve. Aside from the forced union of tribes, colonization had as a major objective that of spreading cultural influence through the language, religion, and customs. This is what the French did, and explains why former French colonies like Algeria have better infrastructure such as a functioning education system, government bureaucracy, and are better assimilated with European culture. It also had better telecommunications and transport

Factors Which Are Affecting Health

Factors Which Are Affecting Health The social determinants of health consists of various factors that determine health and wellbeing, for instance, socio-economic factors, genders, cultures and education (McMurray, 2010). Some groups of people are healthier than others. There is a relation between income and health, as well as they are strong predictors of health. People with low economic status have poor education, unemployment, job insecurity bad working conditions and lower class jobs (Marmot, Foege, Mocumbi Satcher, 2008). It affects the access of healthy environments and appropriate medical care facilities (Dew Matheson, 2008). In New Zealand, there is a significant disparity in health between the Maori and non-Maori people of Aotearoa New Zealand. Maori people and pacific people are highly vulnerable to ill health and disabilities. Maori mortality rates are approximately double as compared with European New Zealanders rate (Dew Davis, 2005). However, many surveys found that Maori have similar or lower rates of hospitalization than other New Zealanders in spite of their higher demand of treatment. This shows that financial conditions affect not only production but also consumption of health care. (Ministry of Health, 2002). The poor health status of Maori may due to poor economic circumstances. Maori people aged between 45 years and 64 years are more likely to die than others in this same age in New Zealand (Dew Matheson, 2008). Inequality in life expectancy and the risk of death rate are significant health inequality. The gap in life expectancy between Maori and non-Maori increased to 10 years. The early death rate in Maori population is mainly related to occupational class. More Maori people are doing unskilled works than others and it can cause higher risk of early death (Dew Matheson, 2008). Nursing services should be organised according to demands of whanau rather than the needs of providers. Nurses must recognise, understand and remove financial, cultural, geographical, physical barriers for reducing inequalities in health. Economic barriers are unsafe working conditions with little jobs, unemployment, inadequate housing, crime, high disparities in income and wealth. Participation and encouraging them with proper support at all levels of the health and disability sector can improve their status. Maori participation should be ensured in planning, development and delivery of health and disability services (King Turia, 2002). Therefore, they must get appropriate and effective nursing care. Moreover, Maori should be ensured with development and workforce enhancement. Nursing services should be culturally appropriate. Maori health models should be used for caring Maori. Build and recognize values of Maori models of health and traditional healing, for example, massage, herb al remedies and spiritual care. They want services that reflect Maori cultural values. Nurses must provide workplace education, health promotion and clinical services to keep the work place and its employers safe and healthy. They need high levels of communication skills, understanding of interpersonal and government standards and legislation. Plunket nurses provide family parenting support in community (McMurry, 2010). Treaty of Waitangi protects the rights of responsibilities of Maori. Therefore, it reduces in equalities in health in New Zealand ( McMurray, 2010). The government introduces strategies to decrease inequality in health status. They are New Zealand Health Strategy as well as Health and Disability Strategy. This strategy makes sure accessible and appropriate care services for people from lower socio- economic group including Maori. It helps to identify and provide care according to their health needs. The Ministry of Health provides nutritional guidelines and policies for New Zealanders to address nutritional needs. Maori and Pacific people are the groups, who have the poorest health status in New Zealand. Improving the quality of health education programs focused at Maori can improve their status. Encourage the Maori health providers to participate in health section and organization of smoking cessation programs. Increase mental health services for Maori. People with poor health often find to get a good job. Health status determines socio-economic position. The main disability services are income support, disability allowance, acc idental compensation, antidiscrimination legislation as well as education and support services for people with disabilities, chronic illness and mental health illness living in the community (King Turia 2002).The government and the Ministry of Health provide key priority to reduce health disparity among Maori. Encourage Maori health providers to build Maori models of health. The New Zealand Disability Strategy pointed out the demand to remove the barriers like discrimination among Maori with disabilities. Improve the number of trained Maori clinicians, health professionals, managers, community and voluntary worker and researchers in order to strengthen the health and disability sector. Improving the skills of the Maori health and disability workforce can reduce inequality in health. Publicly funded hospitals and primary health care organisations have started to identify and meet the needs of Maori. Now many hospitals have Maori and whanau units, as a result they get better care and culturally safe treatment. District health boards are working with primary health care and it plays a significant role in reducing health inequalities (King, 2002). Smoking is significantly prevalent among Maori in New Zealand. Many Maori women die early due to smoking related to illness at greater than others. There is no decrease in the smoking percentage among Maori for the last five years. There are many psychological factors that are associated with smoking. Depression and anxiety are closely related with smoking. Depression can cause smoking, whereas, addiction of smoking can lead to depression. Parental influence is another causative factor for smoking. If parents are smokers, children will be more vulnerable to smoking. Researchers found that, these children have four fold risks than other children. Suicidal tendencies, low self esteem, poor body image, low socio-economic status, and lack of academic performance at school as well as poor quality of life are also influencing factors for smoking. The psycho-social conditions of adolescents and their behaviour decisions can cause depression and risk taking behaviours (McMurry, 2010). In New Zealand, 42% smokers are Maori. These indigenous people with low levels of education, employment and home ownership are more vulnerable to smoking. People who have prolonged mental stress are also having a high risk of smoking. Many youngsters start to smoke as an experiment. Finally they gets addicted to these substances. Smoking can cause severe health problems like lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, pneumonia and asthma. Passive smokers are also more vulnerable to lung cancer. When women smoke during pregnancy, it can lead to intra uterine death and deliver a baby with low birth weight (MOH, 2008). In conclusion, Maori have poorest health status in New Zealand. The socio- economic determinants of health are responsible for health equalities. Home ownership and property ownership are low in Maori than others. Therefore, salary is the main source of income for them. Labour market is a significant income for them. The low income negatively influences their health. The government introduced New Zealand Health Strategy to reduce inequality. This essay discussed about current nursing practice taking initiation to reduce this disparity. Moreover, Risk taking behaviour such as smoking causes many problems and psychological factors related with smoking.

The Effects of the Chernobyl Accident on International Actions Concerni

The Effects of the Chernobyl Accident on International Actions Concerning Nuclear Power Early in the morning of April 27, 1986, the world experienced its largest nuclear disaster ever (Gould 40). While violating safety protocol during a test, Reactor 4 at the Chernobyl power plant was placed in a severely unstable state, and in a matter of seconds the reactor output shot up to 120 times the rated output (Flavin 8). The resulting steam explosion tossed aside the reactor’s 1,000 ton concrete covering and released radioactive particles up to one and a half miles into the sky (Gould 38). The explosion and resulting fires caused 31 immediate deaths and over a thousand injuries, including radiation poisoning (Flavin 5). After the accident more than 135,000 people were evacuated from their Ukrainian homes, but the major fallout occurred outside of the Soviet Union’s borders. Smaller radioactive particles were carried in the atmosphere until they returned to earth via precipitation (Gould 43). The Soviets quickly seeded clouds to prevent rainfall over their own land, so most of the radioactivity burdened Western Europe, Scandinavia, and the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans (Flavin 12). This truly international disaster had far reaching effects; some of these were on health, the environment, social standards, and politics. As the radiation settled over Europe, it had many effects. Since the Soviets did not alert anyone, Sweden, and to a lesser extent Poland, were the first nations to detect the radioactive cloud (Gould 40-41). By May 3 it had made its way all the way to Northern Scotland, and was also moving down into Eastern Europe (39). As radioactive particles dropped to the Earth’s surface, they were utilized by living orga... ... 1987. Gould, Peter. Fire in the Rain: The Democratic Consequences of Chernobyl. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1990. Herbert, Douglas. â€Å"Disputed Czech Nuclear Plant Counts Down to Launch.† September 21, 2000. last accessed 5/9/04 at http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/21/czech.temelin/ http://www.cphpost.dk/get/55328.html last accessed 5/9/04 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/16161/story.htm last accessed 5/9/04 http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-civil-01c.html last accessed 5/9/04 http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/9702/msg00015.html last accessed 5/9/04 Lungescu, Oana. â€Å"EU to Fund Chernobyl Replacements.† September 26, 2000. last accessed 5/9/04 at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/913125.stm Segerstà ¥hl, Boris (Ed.). Chernobyl: A Policy Response Study. Springer-Verlag: New York, 1991.