Why We Fight

The 1942 film Why We Fight represents a classical example of American wartime propaganda. Given the fact that, during the course of thirties and forties, the majority of Americans shared an isolationist sentiment, it was crucially important for the America’s policy-makers at the time to convince citizens that country’s joining the WW2 was not optional.1Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, being a propaganda-piece, this particular film features a number of different of inconsistencies and even outright lies. In this paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier suggestion at length. The main ideological premise, upon which the line of film’s argumentation appears to be based, is being concerned with its creators exploring the apparent dichotomy between what they refer to as a ‘free world, on the one hand, and a ‘world of slavery’, on the other. According to film’s narrator; whereas, America advances the cause of liberty, the countries of a ‘good ole Europe’ (specifically Germany and Italy), with their ally Japan, advance the cause of an oppression – pure and simple. What is being particularly ironic about this claim, is the fact that film’s creators went about substantiating claim’s legitimacy by making references to world’s major religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), as such that in their view endorse the cause of liberty. According to the twisted logic of film’s argumentation, American citizens’ strong sense of religiosity makes them naturally predisposed towards professing the values of democracy. This, of course, could not possibly be the case, because the very notion ‘religion’ is being synonymous to the notion of ‘intolerance’.2 Nevertheless, even if filmmakers were right about the fact that, people’s strong affiliation with religious values causes them to profess the values of democracy, film’s pathos would still not make much of a sense.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason for this is simple – contrary to what it is being suggested in the film, the overwhelming majority of German Nazis, as well as ordinary German citizens who never ceased supporting Nazis right to the very end of the WW2, used to be just as devoted to Christianity as it was the case with America’s founding fathers, for example.3 Another proof, as to a conceptual fallaciousness of Why We Fight, is the fact that throughout film’s entirety, the narrator continues to refer to Hitler as someone who wanted to conquer the world. Such claim, of course, cannot be referred to as anything but extremely ignorant.4 After all, it is not only tha t Hitler never publically expressed his presumed intention to ‘conquer the world’, but throughout the initial phase of WW2, he actively sought to end the hostilities with Britain and France.5 Whatever improbable it may sound – the actual reason, behind the outbreak of WW2, was Poland’s stubborn unwillingness to allow Germany to build a railroad between Berlin and the German city of Danzig (Gdansk), which in 1918 was separated from the rest of Germany by a Treaty of Versailles.6 If creators of Why We Fight were concerned with trying to protect the world from being conquered, then it would not be Hitler, Mussolini and Hirohito featured in their film, but America’s ally Stalin. After all, unlike Hitler, Stalin never had any reservations against coming up with public statements as to the fact that world’s ‘capitalist’ were facing only two choices – to embrace the Communism or to be destroyed. Right up until the collapse of USS R in 1991, the Soviet coat of arms featured a Communist emblem of a hammer and sickle in the foreground of the whole planet. Moreover, Soviet Constitution openly stated that it was only the matter of time, before world’s independent nations would join USSR as ‘Soviet republics’.7 In the light of recently declassified Soviet secret documents, it appears that Stalin was preparing to attack Germany in July of 1941, with the ultimate purpose of this attack having been the ‘liberation’ of the whole Europe of a ‘capitalist oppression’.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If it was not up to Hitler’s preventive attack of Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, even as early as by the end of 1941, Europe would have become nothing but a Westernmost part of Soviet ‘workers paradise’.8 After that, it would be the t urn for America to suffer the same fate – not an utterly improbable suggestion, especially given the fact that many members of Roosevelt’s inner circle (including his wife Eleanor) were self-admitted Communist spies.9 Therefore, film narrator’s referrals to the scenes of marching German soldiers and to the scenes of German obsolete tanks Pzkpfw-1 and Pzkpfw-2 rolling into Poland, as such that confirm the validity of his claims about the sheer evilness and potency of German war-machine, appear hypocritical, at best. First of all, film tactfully avoids mentioning the fact that it were not only ‘evil’ Germans that invaded Poland in the autumn of 1939, but their good ‘friends’ from Red Liberation Army, as well. If Poland’s Western allies were so much concerned about protecting this country’s independence, then why did they not declare a war on Soviet Union? Second, contrary to what film implies, up until 1943, the functioning of a German economy was based upon the essentially peacetime principles. This, however, cannot not be said about the functioning of Soviet economy from 1933 to 1945, which had only one single objective – to manufacture of as many weapons as possible. This is exactly the reason why; whereas, by the beginning of 1941, Hitler only had 3235 tanks (2500 of which were hopelessly obsolete), Stalin had 2830 tanks (including 700 tanks T-34 and 530 tanks KV-1).10 Nevertheless, one does not have to be a scholar of WW2 to note the essentially hypocritical nature of Why We Fight, as the example of America’s wartime propaganda, because film’s hypocrisies are being well visible even to a naked eye.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example; whereas, narrator never ceases to state that America’s only objective in the WW2 is to promote democracy, equality and tolerance, on the one hand, he simultaneously continues to refer to Japanese people as ‘dirty Japs’, on the other. It is fully understandable that, after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the majority of Americans have realized Japanese as their enemies. Still, even though film’s narrator portrays Nazis as America’s sworn enemies, as well, he nevertheless does not talk of them as nothing short of sub-humans. Therefore, it will only be logical to conclude that, despite his pretentious ‘anti-Nazism’, the narrator himself is not being too different from Nazis, to begin with. I believe that the provided earlier line of argumentation, in defense of a suggestion that many claims, contained in Why We Fight, cannot be considered even slightly objective, is being fully consistent with paper’s ini tial thesis. In its turn, this implies that citizens should never cease thinking critically about what the governmentally endorsed propaganda wants them to believe, especially if this propaganda appears to be designed for weakening a self-preservation instinct in people, so that they would not be having any objections against the prospect of being turned into a ‘cannon meat’ overseas. References Boyle, Peter. â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American  Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 41-50. Carlton, David. â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 97-103. Cline, Catherine. â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A  Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 43-58. McNeal, Robert. â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles,† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 194-206. Nagata, Judith. â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology o f ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 481-498. Raack, R. C. â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 47-54. Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity,  1919-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Suvorov, Viktor. Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990. Taylor, A. J. P. The Origins of the Second World War. London: Penguin, 1964. The War Department. Why We Fight Part 1 – â€Å"Prelude to War† (1942). YouTube. [Video]. Web. Uldricks, Teddy. â€Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?†Ã‚  Ã‚  Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 626-643. Footnotes 1 Peter Boyle, â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 44. 2 Judith Nagata, â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Ant hropology of ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 482. 3Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich. Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 267. 4 A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, (London: Penguin, 1964), 15. 5 David Carlton, â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 101. 6 Catherine Cline, â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 54. 7 R. C. Raack, â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 49. 8 Viktor Suvorov, Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990): 10. 9 Robert H. McNeal, â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles.† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 203. 10 Teddy Uldricks, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?† Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 642. This critical writing on Why We Fight was written and submitted by user Dark Wasp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Linkedin Profile That Lets the You Shine Through

How to Write a Linkedin Profile That Lets the You Shine Through Are you job hunting or on the verge of doing so? If you answered yes and you havent spent considerable time and effort on your LinkedIn profile, youre missing out on a valuable opportunity to get the job of your dreams through this highly useful, career-oriented social media platform. In fact, a recent study found that 122 million people received an interview through LinkedIn, with 35.5 million having been hired by a person they connected with on the site.Added to that, the most current statistics show that 95 percent of recruiters use LinkedIn as a major sourcing tool to help them find qualified candidates for companies seeking top-tier talent.95% of recruiters use LinkedIn to find and vet potential candidates.If those numbers arent staggering enough, heres one that should definitely catch your interest. According to the latest numbers, there are 20 million jobs being actively advertised on LinkedIn.Convinced yet?Hopefully, by now youre convinced that its well worth your time and at tention to create a complete, eye-catching LinkedIn profile- especially if you are in the process of job hunting. LinkedIn does a great job in helping you along and measures the completeness of your profile, informing you of whats left to be added. It even offers suggestions for helping you make your profile stronger and more attractive to recruiters.Make it customIf you want to set yourself apart from the pack in a job search, set your LinkedIn profile apart, as well. One way to do this is to create a custom URL. Heres how to do that step by step:In the top right of your LinkedIn control panel, simply go to the me button and click view profile.Immediately beneath your control panel in the top-right corner, click Edit public profile and URL.You should now be taken to a page that shows your public profile settings.At the top right-hand corner, youll see Edit your custom URL.Beneath that, youll find your profiles URL, along with another pencil icon to the right.Click that pencil icon and change your profiles URL to something easy and memorable.Once you create a custom URL for your LinkedIn profile, you should now be able to include this on your resume or business card. It will be far easier for potential employers or recruiters to access than the random numbers and letters generated by LinkedIn when you first set up your profile.Use the right photoIf you havent had a professional headshot taken, now is the time to fix that. First impressions count, and your LinkedIn profile photo will be the first thing a potential employer or recruiter notices when they access your LinkedIn profile.Here are a few DOs and DONTs when it comes to your LinkedIn profile photo:DOSmile! Potential employers want to know that you are approachable and friendly, and a smile is the best way to show this. (And yes, that means showing teeth.)Have a muted, uncluttered background.Make sure lighting is professional and colors are not overly saturated.Dress for the job you want.DONTCrop your pho to from a group shot.Upload a photo of you participating in a hobby.Upload an obvious selfie.Use a photograph that is cluttered with objects or a full-body shot.Take the cheap route on your headshot; remember- first impressions are important!Wordcloud your target job descriptionThe headline, summary, and experience sections of your LinkedIn profile should contain targeted words that will attract recruiters and potential employers to your page. Heres an easy, creative way to determine which words you should target:Determine the job title you want in your job search.Locate at least three job offerings for that title, along with the job descriptions for each.Copy and paste the job descriptions into a Wordcloud simulator, such as Wordclouds.com.Produce the Wordcloud to pull out target words that appear often in the job category- these are words to include in prominent places on your LinkedIn headline, summary, and experience sections.Keep your summary succinct, quantifiable, and easy to readIdeally, your LinkedIn summary should contain the following:Three to five paragraphsA bulleted list of your key skills and qualificationsHighlights of your success stories, preferably communicated in quantifiable factors (numbers of clients, statistics, dollars, etc.).Your LinkedIn profile should highlight your successes in quantifiable numbers. Photo by Stephen Dawson on Unsplash.Lets look at the specific reasons for each of these.First, the reason to keep your summary within three to five paragraphs is the simple understanding that everyones time is valuable, especially recruiters and employers who are inundated with dozens (sometimes hundreds or thousands) of resumes to sift through daily. Your three-to-five-paragraph summary shows that you not only value their time- youre also able to prioritize whats most important in showcasing your talent and abilities.Second, showing your key skills and qualifications in a bulleted, easy-to-read format not only helps save time for your reader (see the first point); it also demonstrates that you understand the principles of written communications, among which is presentation. As any magazine or newspaper editor will tell you, bulleted lists and white space around words helps writing become more easily digestible to the reader and speeds along the process of reading comprehension.Third, using quantifiable evidence to showcase your success is the quickest and most convincing way to attract the admiration of your recruiter or potential employer. For example, quantifiable evidence (such as I increased department sales revenue by $1 million during my time at XYz Corporation) can be easily checked and assessed with a few simple questions; whereas, an unquantifiable statement (I am a successful at sales) leaves a lot of room for interpretation and potentially false representation.Use first person and get personalWhen creating your LinkedIn profile, write it in first person and do your best to walk the thin line between pr ofessional and personal.If that sounds like conflicting advice, let me explain. When you submit your resume to a company, that resume lists your professional accomplishments. It should be the epitome of your professional life and project complete professionalism.However, the interesting (and potentially powerful) thing about social media sites like LinkedIn is that they present your professional side with a small dose of whats personal. To put it simply- recruiters and potential employers want to get a glimpse inside your personal life before they hire you, as well, because they understand that your personal life will indeed affect your professional one.In the same sense that you want to keep your strictly personal social media profiles (such as Facebook) private to avoid invasive searches into your personal affairs, you also need to understand that your LinkedIn profile should contain a healthy dose of both your professional and personal lives to show that you are a well-rounded po tential employee.What this means is you should absolutely focus on your professional profile in your LinkedIn summary, highlighting all of the qualifications you can bring to an organization. But in the same sense, you should take the opportunity to demonstrate that you are an active, healthy, personable individual, who has hobbies and interests outside of work- someone who knows how to blend the two seamlessly and make the best of both.What better place to do this than through your LinkedIn profile?Include your hobbies and multimediaThis means that if you are a mountain climber and have a blog about your mountain climbing exploits, add that to your LinkedIn page. It will only make your professional profile stand out to potential employers because it shows that you have a healthy life outside of work, and that you pursue challenging goals on a personal level.If youve achieved awards or medals in sports or hobbies extending beyond your line of work, by all means, include these in you r profile. Each one shows that you exhibit qualities employers look for, such as competitiveness, strength, determination, community involvement, and resilience.If you know foreign languages or have participated in cultural experiences outside of your own, list these. If you have multimedia (video, blog posts, photos, etc.) demonstrating your participating, add it to your profile. Consider each addition to be a notch in your belt for employers who are looking for culturally aware, active, and inspired employees who know how to have a healthy work life/personal life balance.Showcase your writing skillsIn her bestselling novel Everybody Writes: Your Go-To Guide to Creating Ridiculously Good Content, author Ann Handley notes, In an online world, our online words are our emissaries; they tell the world who we are.LinkedIn offers an invaluable opportunity to publish- take advantage of it. Writing thoughtful, error-free posts with pertinent information geared toward your industry is the p erfect bait for recruiters looking for thought leaders and people who can shake up the industry with their truth and insight. It also demonstrates your ability to communicate with potential clients.Build your references monthlyAs a final thought, if you are using LinkedIn to find the job of your dreams, hopefully youve already asked for multiple references. If you havent, now is the time to start building them on your profile. If youve worked across multiple industries but are job hunting in only one, put references from that industry in the top prominent spot. Then, continue to add to your references monthly to collect as many as possible.

Businesses Approach To the Use of Primary and Secondary Research Essay

Businesses Approach To the Use of Primary and Secondary Research - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the data gathered is put into use by a third party. In essence, it remains abroad and a diffuse data in a contained toolbox, since it does contain any virtual information useful in any market research context. The information is also very important since a large number of the organizations utilize it as they strive to improve their operations in the market. It is an all-purpose market tool, and the corporate board is always at the dispensation of seeking its reference for the sake of comparison of the market trends. It also remains the most accessible form of market research, which is also cheap in relation to the cost. The internal secondary research will entail any information that is gathered anywhere in the environmental angles of the firm. It includes categories such as sales report, the customer databases, ay past report of the primary market research. A sales report will break and dispense information in categories of region, times and the sales ext ent. Sometimes they can also give analytical reports of the distribution channels, discounts extents, and target customers categories. Databases will contain the description of the customer’s data. The primary market research will contain survey or focus group’s result that is done in the previous years. External research entails any information that is gathered by the commercial vendors, government agencies, and other diverse sources. Of utmost importance is a syndicated report, which tends to compile the data with the use of libraries, data calls, and other databases. Concisely, they aim at selling the information to as many firms as possible. The information has passed through the analyst's hands hence it is reliable.

Comparison and Contrast of Definitions of Rape in Common Law and Research Paper

Comparison and Contrast of Definitions of Rape in Common Law and Modern Law - Research Paper Example Many states have different variations of the definition of rape which fits their Modern Statutory Law. The most general definition of the rape is as follows: any unlawful sexual penetration, which is also called a sexual assault. For instance, in California, rape is defined as â€Å"an act of sexual intercourse ... accomplished against persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another† (qt. in Lyon, 2004, p. 277). Introduction of the Model Penal Code in the Modern Law, as the result of general feminist movement in the 1970s, brought some changes to the definition of the rape, hence gave additional grounds for charges against the criminals. The two major reforms were: â€Å"(1) the partial abolition of the marital rape exemption; and (2) the increased emphasis on the nonconsent of the victim, rather than the use of force by the attacker, in defining rape† (Lyon, 2004, p. 278). The reforms brought both positive and negative attitudes of the public. The reform concerning marital rape was criticized for ambiguity and for victimization of men (Kilpatrick, 2000). Each of these reforms was meant to add something new to or change the definition of the rape in order to take into account all the circumstances of this type of criminal actions. However, there always has been some kind of confrontation in the lawmaking system. Only in recent years some amendments, for instance, the inclusion of the marital rape into the general definition of rape, brought improvements to the modern law, which â€Å"explicitly prohibits forced, nonconsensual intercourse at any time during the sexual act, rather than just at penetration† (Lyon 285).  

Discuss the evolution and problems of post colonial african Essay

Discuss the evolution and problems of post colonial african governments. What trends can we dicern What theories have been offered to explain these development - Essay Example Encouraged by the findings of European explorers Livingstone, Pinto, Burton, and Grant in the early 19th century, hordes of Europeans backed by their armies sailed south of Europe and began the work of colonization. It was to avoid the infighting and conflict that the Berlin Conference was organized. The colonization efforts were ruthless and resulted in the near-total destruction of African culture. Africa at the time was a land of more than a thousand tribal kingdoms, each with its specific culture and forms of government, and as is common with peoples the world over, likewise engaged in their own intergenerational and inter-tribal wars involving territory and natural resources. Ravaged by diseases and harsh living conditions, the populations of these African kingdoms were expanding slowly, limited only by their ability to tame nature. This was the continent which the Europeans invaded with "guns, germs, and steel" (Diamond 4) and set quickly to work in ravishing. Another strong influence of the colonists was their belief that Afric... Thus, aside from ambitious explorers, businessmen, and soldiers, the European nations sent Christian missionaries to teach Africans the European ways that the latter deemed more superior. How the combined efforts of material and spiritual colonization affected African culture explains much of what happened after their colonial masters left by the end of the 20th century. The decision that probably caused the most damage was the territorial boundaries established by the European powers in complete disregard for natural boundaries formed by the language, religion, or ethnicity of the Africans. Almost overnight, tribes were split, dividing families and societies. Until 1914, the Europeans divided Africa into fifty states, putting together warring tribes and dividing friendly tribes. This explains the incidents of ethnic violence that continue to explode in recent times in countries like Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, and Somalia. In each of these countries, different warring tribes were forcibly put together, continuing the tribal conflicts whenever people from each tribe assumed political power (Shillington 115; Pakenham 174). It is this tribal conflict that is also a prime cause of so much government corruption, because the tribal links are stronger than the artificial sense of nation that decades of colonization failed to achieve. Aside from the forced union of tribes, colonization had as a major objective that of spreading cultural influence through the language, religion, and customs. This is what the French did, and explains why former French colonies like Algeria have better infrastructure such as a functioning education system, government bureaucracy, and are better assimilated with European culture. It also had better telecommunications and transport

Factors Which Are Affecting Health

Factors Which Are Affecting Health The social determinants of health consists of various factors that determine health and wellbeing, for instance, socio-economic factors, genders, cultures and education (McMurray, 2010). Some groups of people are healthier than others. There is a relation between income and health, as well as they are strong predictors of health. People with low economic status have poor education, unemployment, job insecurity bad working conditions and lower class jobs (Marmot, Foege, Mocumbi Satcher, 2008). It affects the access of healthy environments and appropriate medical care facilities (Dew Matheson, 2008). In New Zealand, there is a significant disparity in health between the Maori and non-Maori people of Aotearoa New Zealand. Maori people and pacific people are highly vulnerable to ill health and disabilities. Maori mortality rates are approximately double as compared with European New Zealanders rate (Dew Davis, 2005). However, many surveys found that Maori have similar or lower rates of hospitalization than other New Zealanders in spite of their higher demand of treatment. This shows that financial conditions affect not only production but also consumption of health care. (Ministry of Health, 2002). The poor health status of Maori may due to poor economic circumstances. Maori people aged between 45 years and 64 years are more likely to die than others in this same age in New Zealand (Dew Matheson, 2008). Inequality in life expectancy and the risk of death rate are significant health inequality. The gap in life expectancy between Maori and non-Maori increased to 10 years. The early death rate in Maori population is mainly related to occupational class. More Maori people are doing unskilled works than others and it can cause higher risk of early death (Dew Matheson, 2008). Nursing services should be organised according to demands of whanau rather than the needs of providers. Nurses must recognise, understand and remove financial, cultural, geographical, physical barriers for reducing inequalities in health. Economic barriers are unsafe working conditions with little jobs, unemployment, inadequate housing, crime, high disparities in income and wealth. Participation and encouraging them with proper support at all levels of the health and disability sector can improve their status. Maori participation should be ensured in planning, development and delivery of health and disability services (King Turia, 2002). Therefore, they must get appropriate and effective nursing care. Moreover, Maori should be ensured with development and workforce enhancement. Nursing services should be culturally appropriate. Maori health models should be used for caring Maori. Build and recognize values of Maori models of health and traditional healing, for example, massage, herb al remedies and spiritual care. They want services that reflect Maori cultural values. Nurses must provide workplace education, health promotion and clinical services to keep the work place and its employers safe and healthy. They need high levels of communication skills, understanding of interpersonal and government standards and legislation. Plunket nurses provide family parenting support in community (McMurry, 2010). Treaty of Waitangi protects the rights of responsibilities of Maori. Therefore, it reduces in equalities in health in New Zealand ( McMurray, 2010). The government introduces strategies to decrease inequality in health status. They are New Zealand Health Strategy as well as Health and Disability Strategy. This strategy makes sure accessible and appropriate care services for people from lower socio- economic group including Maori. It helps to identify and provide care according to their health needs. The Ministry of Health provides nutritional guidelines and policies for New Zealanders to address nutritional needs. Maori and Pacific people are the groups, who have the poorest health status in New Zealand. Improving the quality of health education programs focused at Maori can improve their status. Encourage the Maori health providers to participate in health section and organization of smoking cessation programs. Increase mental health services for Maori. People with poor health often find to get a good job. Health status determines socio-economic position. The main disability services are income support, disability allowance, acc idental compensation, antidiscrimination legislation as well as education and support services for people with disabilities, chronic illness and mental health illness living in the community (King Turia 2002).The government and the Ministry of Health provide key priority to reduce health disparity among Maori. Encourage Maori health providers to build Maori models of health. The New Zealand Disability Strategy pointed out the demand to remove the barriers like discrimination among Maori with disabilities. Improve the number of trained Maori clinicians, health professionals, managers, community and voluntary worker and researchers in order to strengthen the health and disability sector. Improving the skills of the Maori health and disability workforce can reduce inequality in health. Publicly funded hospitals and primary health care organisations have started to identify and meet the needs of Maori. Now many hospitals have Maori and whanau units, as a result they get better care and culturally safe treatment. District health boards are working with primary health care and it plays a significant role in reducing health inequalities (King, 2002). Smoking is significantly prevalent among Maori in New Zealand. Many Maori women die early due to smoking related to illness at greater than others. There is no decrease in the smoking percentage among Maori for the last five years. There are many psychological factors that are associated with smoking. Depression and anxiety are closely related with smoking. Depression can cause smoking, whereas, addiction of smoking can lead to depression. Parental influence is another causative factor for smoking. If parents are smokers, children will be more vulnerable to smoking. Researchers found that, these children have four fold risks than other children. Suicidal tendencies, low self esteem, poor body image, low socio-economic status, and lack of academic performance at school as well as poor quality of life are also influencing factors for smoking. The psycho-social conditions of adolescents and their behaviour decisions can cause depression and risk taking behaviours (McMurry, 2010). In New Zealand, 42% smokers are Maori. These indigenous people with low levels of education, employment and home ownership are more vulnerable to smoking. People who have prolonged mental stress are also having a high risk of smoking. Many youngsters start to smoke as an experiment. Finally they gets addicted to these substances. Smoking can cause severe health problems like lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, pneumonia and asthma. Passive smokers are also more vulnerable to lung cancer. When women smoke during pregnancy, it can lead to intra uterine death and deliver a baby with low birth weight (MOH, 2008). In conclusion, Maori have poorest health status in New Zealand. The socio- economic determinants of health are responsible for health equalities. Home ownership and property ownership are low in Maori than others. Therefore, salary is the main source of income for them. Labour market is a significant income for them. The low income negatively influences their health. The government introduced New Zealand Health Strategy to reduce inequality. This essay discussed about current nursing practice taking initiation to reduce this disparity. Moreover, Risk taking behaviour such as smoking causes many problems and psychological factors related with smoking.

The Effects of the Chernobyl Accident on International Actions Concerni

The Effects of the Chernobyl Accident on International Actions Concerning Nuclear Power Early in the morning of April 27, 1986, the world experienced its largest nuclear disaster ever (Gould 40). While violating safety protocol during a test, Reactor 4 at the Chernobyl power plant was placed in a severely unstable state, and in a matter of seconds the reactor output shot up to 120 times the rated output (Flavin 8). The resulting steam explosion tossed aside the reactor’s 1,000 ton concrete covering and released radioactive particles up to one and a half miles into the sky (Gould 38). The explosion and resulting fires caused 31 immediate deaths and over a thousand injuries, including radiation poisoning (Flavin 5). After the accident more than 135,000 people were evacuated from their Ukrainian homes, but the major fallout occurred outside of the Soviet Union’s borders. Smaller radioactive particles were carried in the atmosphere until they returned to earth via precipitation (Gould 43). The Soviets quickly seeded clouds to prevent rainfall over their own land, so most of the radioactivity burdened Western Europe, Scandinavia, and the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans (Flavin 12). This truly international disaster had far reaching effects; some of these were on health, the environment, social standards, and politics. As the radiation settled over Europe, it had many effects. Since the Soviets did not alert anyone, Sweden, and to a lesser extent Poland, were the first nations to detect the radioactive cloud (Gould 40-41). By May 3 it had made its way all the way to Northern Scotland, and was also moving down into Eastern Europe (39). As radioactive particles dropped to the Earth’s surface, they were utilized by living orga... ... 1987. Gould, Peter. Fire in the Rain: The Democratic Consequences of Chernobyl. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1990. Herbert, Douglas. â€Å"Disputed Czech Nuclear Plant Counts Down to Launch.† September 21, 2000. last accessed 5/9/04 at http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/21/czech.temelin/ http://www.cphpost.dk/get/55328.html last accessed 5/9/04 http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/16161/story.htm last accessed 5/9/04 http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nuclear-civil-01c.html last accessed 5/9/04 http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/9702/msg00015.html last accessed 5/9/04 Lungescu, Oana. â€Å"EU to Fund Chernobyl Replacements.† September 26, 2000. last accessed 5/9/04 at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/913125.stm Segerstà ¥hl, Boris (Ed.). Chernobyl: A Policy Response Study. Springer-Verlag: New York, 1991.